What Are Telomeres?
Telomeres are specialized protective caps located at the ends of chromosomes, composed of repetitive nucleotide sequences that safeguard genetic information. They function as a buffer, preventing chromosomes from fraying, sticking together, or losing essential genetic data during cell division. Without telomeres, DNA strands would degrade over time, leading to severe genetic instability and malfunction.
Every time a cell undergoes division, telomeres shorten slightly because DNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for replicating DNA, cannot fully duplicate the ends of linear chromosomes. This process is known as the "end-replication problem," and over multiple cell divisions, telomeres progressively become shorter. Eventually, when telomeres reach a critically short length, the cell either stops dividing and enters a state called senescence or undergoes programmed cell death (apoptosis).
Telomere length serves as a biological marker of cellular aging, influencing the overall lifespan of cells and, consequently, the body. Shortened telomeres are associated with age-related diseases, weakened immune function, and an increased risk of conditions such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Maintaining telomere length is essential for sustaining cellular health, delaying premature aging, and promoting longevity.
